proposed the low-cost hyaluronic acid-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles (Fe3O4@HA

NPs) that could act as a multifunctional platform for diagnostic and therapeutic

applications. Hyaluronic acid simultaneously acts as a biocompatible coating layer

and as a targeting ligand CD44 receptor present on the surface of breast cancer cells.

The authors have synthesized highly uniform-sized particles along with colloidal

stability for more than 3 months at biological pH. Moreover, Fe3O4@HA NPs were

found to exhibit almost negligible toxicity, high heating efficacy, and 50 times

higher potential for MH applications as compared to commercially available

Fe3O4 NPs (Soleymani et al. 2020). Fotukian et al. successfully prepared

monodispersed CuFe2O4 NPs using triethylene glycol as a solvent, reductant, and

stabilizer. The CuFe2O4 NPs were found to exhibit higher heat generation capability

as compared to bare Fe3O4 NPs that could be attributed to the lower anisotropic

energy of CuFe2O4 NPs leading to higher Ms. (Fotukian et al. 2020). Umut et al.

proposed the coprecipitation method for the synthesis of uniformly distributed

tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH)-coated NiFe2O4 nanoparticles to be

used as theranostic agents (Umut et al. 2019). Darwish et al. prepared magnetic

nanoparticles coated with oleic acid (MNPs-OA) and studied the effect of viscosity

of the carrier on hyperthermic properties. They found higher heating efficacy of the

MNPs-OA in less viscous aqueous medium as compared to more viscous ethanol

medium (Darwish 2017). Linh et al. reported well-dispersed, nontoxic, and biocom-

patible dextran-coated Fe3O4 NPs which were found to be appropriate for hyper-

thermia application. They clearly demonstrate that magnetic interactions between

coated nanoparticles strongly influence induction heating efficiency. Reducing the

Fe3O4 NPs concentration helps to decrease dipolar interaction field acting on

colloidal particles resulting into the easier movement of the colloidal particles

contributing to increasing heat capacity (Linh et al. 2018). Wang et al. reported a

highly efficient novel material HPMC/Fe3O4 composed of hydroxypropyl methyl-

cellulose (HPMC), polyvinyl alcohol, and Fe3O4 for the MH ablation of tumors. The

proposed material is believed to promote bench-to-bed translation of MH technology

besides bringing a new concept for biomaterial research field (Fig. 24.5) (Wang et al.

2017). Fopase et al. studied the effect of yttrium concentration on the MH properties

of Fe3O4 nanoparticles. Doping of yttrium ion in the Fe3O4 nanoparticles helps to

tune the structural and hence magnetic properties of later such that highest

Ms. observed for a 0.5 molar ratio of yttrium. The synthesized nanoparticles were

explored for in vitro MH studies to ensure its suitability for MH-based cancer

treatment (Fopase et al. 2020).

24.7

Toxicity Associated With MNPs

MNPs are the potential elements in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of different

ailments. However, it is equally crucial to examine that whether these MNPs are

targeting the desired infected area or unnecessarily affecting the surrounding healthy

cells and thereby prompting long-term health issues. Moreover, when MNPs are

incorporated into the therapy and transplanted within the body, their behavior can be

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